Introduction to Computer (part 2)
Que. 11 List key hardware technologies used in building
computers of each of the five generations.
Ans. 1 First generation: Vaccum tubes, electromagnetic
relay memory, punched card secondary storage.
2. Second generation: Transistor-based; Magnetic core memory,
magnetic tapes and disks secondary storage.
3. Third generation: ICs with SSI and MSI technologies;
larger magnetic core memory; Larger capacity magnetic disks and tapes secondary
storage, a minicomputer.
4. Fourth generation: ICs with VLSI technology;
Microprocessor, semiconductor memory; larger capacity hard disks as in-built
secondary storage. Magnetic disks and floppy disks as portable storage media,
Personal computers; spread of high-speed computer network.
5. Fifth generation:
ICs with ULSI technology; multicore processor chips, larger capacity
main memory, larger capacity hard disks, optical disks as portable read-only
storage media; Notebook computers; powerful desktop PCs and workstations. Very
powerful mainframes, supercomputer based on parallel processing; The internet.
Que. 12 List key
software technologies used in building computers of each of five generations.
Ans. 1 First generation: Machines and assembly
languages; stored program concept; mostly scientific applications.
2. Second generation: Batch operating system, high-level programming language, scientific and commercial applications.
3. Third generation: Timesharing operating system,
standardization of high-level programming languages, unbinding of software from
hardware.
4. Fourth generation: Operating system for PCs; GUI, multiple
windows on a single terminal screen multiprocessor operating systems and
concurrent. Programming languages; UNIX operating system. C and C++ programming
languages, PC –based applications; object-oriented software design.
5. Fifth generation: WWW, multimedia applications; internet
based applications; microkernel, multithreading, and multicore operating
system; MPI and PVM libraries for
parallel programming.
Que. 13 What are the advantages of transistors over vacuum tubes?
Ans. Lower power consumption, less waste heat, and high
efficiency than Vaccum tubes especially in small-signal circuits.
Que. 14 What is an IC? How it helps in reducing the size of a
computer?
Ans. IC stands for Integrated Circuits. They help to reduce the size of a computer because it is simply a small chip that is embedded with all
the information needed. A single IC chip can hold thousands of microscopic
transistors and circuits.
Que. 15 List the advantages of IC technology as compared to
transistor technology.
Ans. 1. Extremely
small in size.
2. Low power
consumption
3. Reliability (strength).
4. Reduced cost
5. Very small weight
6. Easy replacement.
Que. 16 Write the full
form of the following terminology:
GIGO, IC SSI, MSI, LSSI, VLSI, ULSI.
Ans. GIGO: Garbage in Garbage Out.
IC : Integrated Circuit.
SSI: Small Scale Integration
MSI: Medium Scale Integration
LSI: Large Scale Integration
VLSI: Very Large Scale Integration
ULSI: Ultra Large Scale Integration.
Que. 17. Why were the first and second-generation computers
were more difficult and costlier to produce commercially than 3G and 4G?
Ans. Because they were: 1. Bulky in size.
2. Highly unreliable
3. Production was very difficult. Thus costly too.
4. It was difficult to use.
Que. 18 Name the technologies used for constructing main
memory in first, second, third, and fourth generations.
Ans. 1G: Vaccum tubes.
2G: Transistors.
3G: IC’s with SSI and MSI
4G: IC’s with VLSI
5G: IC’s WITH ULSI.
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